Elevations of troponin not caused by an acute coronary syndrome

◆ Cardiac contusion, or other trauma including surgery, ablation, pacing, etc.
◆ Congestive heart failure—acute and chronic.
◆ Aortic dissection.
◆ Aortic valve disease.
◆ Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
◆ Tachy- or bradyarrhythmias, or heart block.
◆ Apical ballooning syndrome (Takotsubo).
◆ Rhabdomyolysis with cardiac injury.
◆ Pulmonary embolism, severe pulmonary hypertension.
◆ Renal failure.

◆ Age (>70 years).
◆ Acute neurological disease, including stroke or subarachnoid haemorrhage.
◆ Infiltrative diseases, e.g. amyloidosis, haemochromatosis, sarcoidosis, and scleroderma.
◆ Inflammatory diseases, e.g. myocarditis or myocardial extension of endo- and pericarditis.
◆ Drug toxicity or toxins.
◆ Critically-ill patients, especially with respiratory failure or
sepsis.
◆ Burns, especially if affecting >30% of body surface area.
◆ Extreme exertion.