Differential Diagnosis of Intraoperative Hypertension.

• Related to preexisting disease

Chronic hypertension, increased intracranial pressure, autonomic hyperreflexia, aortic dissection, early acute myocardial infarction.

• Related to surgery 

Prolonged tourniquet time, post cardiopulmonary bypass, aortic cross-clamping, post carotid endarterectomy.

• Related to anesthetic

Pain, inadequate depth of anesthesia, catecholamine release,
malignant hyperthermia, shivering, hypoxia, hypercarbia,
hypothermia, hypervolemia, improperly sized (too small) blood pressure cuff, intraarterial transducer positioned too low.

• Related to medication 

Rebound hypertension (from discontinuation of clonidine, β-blockers, or methyldopa), systemic absorption of vasoconstrictors, intravenous dye (e.g., indigo carmine).

• Other

 Bladder distention, hypoglycemia.

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