Indications for Intubation and Mechanical Ventilation.
- Respiratory distress/tachypnea with increased ventilatory demand and breathing effort leading to respiratory muscle fatigue
- Severe hypercapnic respiratory failure with either poor candidacy for nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) or failure of NIPPV
- Severe refractory hypoxemia with failure of noninvasive oxygen delivery devices
- Severe refractory metabolic acid-base disorder
- Inability to protect the airway
- Inability to clear secretions
- Need for therapeutic hyperventilation or hypoventilation
- Upper airway obstruction with poor airway patency
- Decreased respiratory drive with bradypnea
- Coma with Glasgow Coma Scale score of < 8
- Severe trauma
- Surgery requiring general anesthesia
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