Anesthesiology and Intensive Care

Energy conservation during myocardial ischemia can be achieved by inducing chemical arrest through two primary mechanisms: Preventing the conduction of the myocardial action potential by inhibiting the fast sodium current can be achieved through one or more of the following methods :

Both β-adrenergic receptor blockers and calcium channel blockers, when used alongside other methods, have been incorporated into myocardial management strategies by various groups. Calcium channel blockers such as verapamil and diltiazem are particularly beneficial due to their ability to prevent calcium entry into cells and their coronary vasodilatory effects. However, these drugs are also strong negative inotropes and cause prolonged electromechanical inactivity, especially when used in cardioplegic solutions.

Moderately Hypothermic Intermittent Global Myocardial Ischemia Intermittent cardiac ischemia with moderate cardiac hypothermia requires performing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with a perfusate temperature between 25°C and 30°C. During this method,

Continuous Normokalemic Coronary Perfusion: Empty Beating Heart Early intracardiac procedures were performed on normothermic, perfused, empty beating hearts. Experimental studies initially suggested that this method maintained "normal left ventricular function" for up to 3 hours of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with the heart empty and